Seizures

Hi, and welcome to this overview of seizures! In this video, we’ll look at what a seizure is and learn about the different types of seizures and how they’re treated.

So, what is a seizure? A seizure is abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

It happens suddenly and can be due to a variety of factors. Our nerve cells, like every other cell in our body, seek homeostasis or balance. While in balance, these cells have excitatory chemical reactions and inhibitory reactions going on at the same time. When this balance is interrupted, a seizure can occur.

Seizure Classifications and Types

The International Classification of Seizures differentiates between two main types: partial seizures which begin in one part of the brain, and generalized seizures which involve electrical discharges in the whole brain. However, it is understood that not all seizures fit neatly into these classifications and people may have more than one type of seizure.

Exact causes of seizures are varied and can be categorized as being acquired, derived from developmental defects, or idiopathic (meaning there is no known cause).

If the seizure is acquired, some causes include:

• cerebrovascular disease
• hypoxemia
• fever (especially in childhood)
• head injury
• hypertension
• central nervous system infections, such as meningitis
• metabolic and toxic conditions
• brain tumor
• drug and alcohol withdrawal
• and allergies

The initial pattern of the seizure indicates the region of the brain in which the seizure originates. Like I mentioned before, there are partial seizures and generalized seizures. Partial seizure occurs in a “part” of the brain, usually one side or the other of the cerebral hemisphere. Depending on the area of the brain that’s affected, different symptoms may occur.

Partial seizures may be preceded by an aura. This can occur an hour or so before a seizure where the person experiences blind spots in their vision, flashing lights, or fortification spectra. Most auras last a few seconds and may lead right into a seizure.

There are a few different types of partial seizures to be aware of. A simple partial seizure, also known as a focal seizure, affects only one area of the brain and does not cause the affected person to lose consciousness. They may have a stare-like gaze, and lose their focus briefly. These types of seizures are very short, lasting a few seconds and are the most common type of seizure in people with epilepsy.

• An aversive seizure is a sudden convulsive seizure with violent muscular movements. These types of seizures are often accompanied by changes in senses, smell, vision, and eventually loss of consciousness.
• Sylvan seizures (more commonly known as Rolandic epilepsy) occur infrequently and usually at night. The focus of repetitive spike activity in the brain is predominantly within the mid-temporal or parietal areas, near the motor or rolandic strip. It is one of the most common types of seizures in children, and is frequently outgrown by adolescence.
• Sensory seizures, as the name suggests, cause changes to a person’s five senses. The person may taste and smell things that aren’t there; hear clicking, ringing, or a person’s voice that isn’t there; and/or feel like they’re floating or spinning. Visual hallucinations are also a common result.
• Complex partial seizures, also called psychomotor seizures, are characterized by a clouding of consciousness and by strange, repetitive movements called automatisms. On recovery from the seizure, which usually lasts from one to three minutes, the individual has no memory of the attack, except for the aura.

Now let’s get into generalized seizures. These occur in both hemispheres or sides of the brain and cause the person to lose consciousness. There are many different subtypes of seizures that encompass this type of seizure.

Tonic-clonic seizures, also known as grand mal seizures involve a tonic phase where the body becomes rigid, followed by a clonic phase where the muscular movements are contractive and often violent. During the tonic phase, the person may become cyanotic, meaning they have a bluish discoloration of the face, nail beds, and lips. Some people have only the tonic phase, while others may have only the clonic phase. Afterward, the person may be tired, confused; they may have a headache and need to sleep awhile.

There are a few things that need to be done if someone is having this type of seizure outside of a hospital setting:

1. First, clear the area to keep the person safe from hitting furniture or any other blunt objects.
2. If you can, hold the person’s head safely in your lap and turn their head to the side. If you cannot cradle their head, you can turn their head and body on their side once the seizure is over (this is known as the recovery position). This will help maintain the person’s airway and prevent aspiration if they vomit.
3. Lastly, time the seizure and remain observant. The length of the seizure and any other details you can remember are helpful pieces of information for health care providers in determining what type of seizure the person may be having.

Absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, are common in children and are the type of seizure where the person appears absent for a while. This lack of absence lasts only a few seconds but can occur frequently in a single day. Absence seizures may also be accompanied by involuntary facial movements or “jerkiness”, lip smacking, and excessive blinking.

Febrile seizures, as the name implies, occur with a fever, usually a high one. These seizures occur in children, typically on the first day of a fever that is caused by an infection. The child may convulse for a few minutes and be unresponsive, but the effects are usually harmless in the long term. The best way to treat febrile seizures is by use of tepid baths and over-the-counter fever-reducing medications.

The last seizure we’ll look at today is status epilepticus (SE), which literally means “a constant state of seizure”. The Epilepsy Foundation defines SE as a seizure lasting thirty minutes or more, and suggests that emergency treatment should begin if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes. It is more common in people who are very young or very old and typically occurs in people who have been diagnosed with epilepsy. Acute symptomatic status epilepticus may be caused by an acute infection, head trauma, hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, or drug withdrawal.

Fever is a very common risk in children, as is stroke in adults. Hospital treatment of convulsive status epilepticus generally includes use of such drugs as diazepam, lorazepam, phenytoin, and phenobarbital, administered in a planned sequence.

A 2013 review of research in the journal Brain indicated that 65–85% of people may experience long-term remission of seizures. Seizures with an identifiable cause, however, are more likely to continue. Other factors affecting the chances of remission include: access to treatment, response to treatment, or other health conditions a person may have. With the correct use of antiseizure medications, the majority of people may be able to control their seizures.

Okay, now that we’ve covered everything, let’s look at a couple of review questions:

Review Questions

1. The best way to prevent febrile seizures in children is to:

1. Make sure they get enough sleep
2. Make sure they get enough stimulation
3. Make sure to keep fever down with tepid bath
4. Make sure to keep fever down with antiepileptics

2. Care of people with seizures includes all of the following except:

1. Administering antiepileptics
2. Timing the seizure duration
3. Assisting the person to their side
4. Trying to support their arms and legs

I hope this overview was helpful! Thanks for watching, and happy studying!

• “What Is a Seizure?” 2017. Epilepsy Foundation
• “Focal Onset Aware Seizures (Simple Partial Seizures).” 2017. Epilepsy Foundation
• “Febrile Seizure – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic. 2018